Citation Guides

About APA Style

The American Psychological Association (APA) Style is commonly used when citing references within the “hard” sciences (e.g., astronomy, biology, chemistry, and physics) and the social sciences (e.g., anthropology, communications, economics, education, historiography, nursing, political science, psychology, and sociology). The following guide is based on the APA Manual (7th ed.), published in 2019. For more extensive rules and examples of the APA style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. (RW BF76.7 .P83 2020, RW BF76.7 .P83 2020 c.2, RW BF76.7 .P83 2020 c.3) or visit the APA Style website. You can also ask a librarian for assistance.

Important Revisions to the 7th Edition

• ChatGPT uses calendar dates to differentiate versions. Other AI generative software may use other labeling conventions (e.g., Version 2.0).
• In the case of ChatGPT, provide the descriptor for the tool [Large language model].
• When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference.
• If ChatGPT or other AI tools are employed during research, include this use in the introduction.
• As each ChatGPT response is unique, full-text ChatGPT responses may also be added to the essay as an appendix.

Because of rapid developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and generative AI technologies, these guidelines may be updated periodically. Visit the APA Style Blog for the most recent updates.

Guidelines for Formatting Reference List

• Start the reference list on a new page after the text and before any tables, figures, and/or appendices, continuing the pagination from the body of the paper.  
• Center the title of the page ("References") an inch from the top of the paper.  
• Use a hanging indent by aligning the start of each entry with the left margin. Indent any subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces).
• Double-space the list within and between entries.  
• Arrange entries in alphabetical order by authors’ last names.  
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, proper nouns, and nouns followed by numerals or letters.

Books

Book with One Author or Editor

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Masterton, 2006, p. 652)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Masterton, 2006)
Narrative Citation : Masterton (2006)
References : Masterton, W. L. (2006). Chemistry: Principles and reactions. Thomson-Brooks/Cole.

Book with Two Authors or Editors

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname and Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Cesa-Bianchi & Lugosi, 2006, 244)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Cesa-Bianchi & Lugosi, 2006)
Narrative Citation : Cesa-Bianchi and Lugosi (2006) 
References : Cesa-Bianchi, N., & Lugosi, G. (2006). Prediction, learning, and games. Cambridge University Press.

Book with Three or More Authors

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname et al, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname et al. (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Bindler et al., 2017, p. 157)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Bindler et al., 2017)
Narrative Citation : Bindler et al. (2017)
References : Bindler, R. M., Ball, J., London, M. L., & Davidson, M. R. (2017). Clinical skills manual for maternity and pediatric nursing. Pearson.

Chapters in an Edited Volume/Anthology

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (inclusive page numbers). Publisher. DOI or URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Zhao, 2012, p. 27)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Zhao, 2012)
Narrative Citation : Zhao (2012)
References : Zhao, Y. (2012). American schools possess strengths other countries want to emulate. In J. Bartos (Ed.), Do schools prepare students for a global economy? (pp. 25-33).

Entry in a Reference Work (e.g., Encyclopedia or Dictionary)

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page [if available] or section heading and/or paragraph number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of specific entry. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (edition, inclusive page numbers). Publisher. DOI or URL for eBook.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (McKay, 2004, p. 466)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (McKay, 2004)
Narrative Citation : McKay (2004)
References : McKay, D. (2004) Information theory. In R. L. Gregory (Ed.), The Oxford companion to the mind (2nd Ed., pp. 465-467). Oxford University Press.

Periodicals

Journal Article with One Author

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume Number(issue number), inclusive page numbers. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Mancosu, 2021, p. 25)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Mancosu, 2021)
Narrative Citation : Mancosu (2021)
References : Mancosu, P. (2021). Logic and biology: The correspondence between Alfred Tarski and Joseph H. Woodger. Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, 11(2), 18-105.

Journal Article with Two Authors

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname and Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume number(issue number), inclusive page numbers. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Bossio & Nelson, 2021, p. 1382)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Bossio & Nelson, 2021)
Narrative Citation : Bossio and Nelson (2021)
References : Bossio, D., & Nelson J. L. (2021). Reconsidering innovation: Situating and evaluating change in journalism. Journalism Studies, 22(11), 1377-1381.

Journal Article with Three or More Authors

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname et al., Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname et al. (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume number(issue number), inclusive page numbers. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Pereira, et al., 2020, p. 769)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Pereira et al., 2020)
Narrative Citation : Pereira et al. (2020)
References : Pereira, V., Temouri, Y., & Patel, C. (2020). Exploring the role and importance of human capital in resilient high performing organizations: Evidence from business clusters. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69(3), 769-804. DOI: 10.1111/apps.12204.

Magazine Article with One Author

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Magazine Title, Volume Number(issue number), inclusive page numbers. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Gara, 2021, p. 88)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Gara, 2021)
Narrative Citation :Gara (2021)
References : Gara, A. (2021, August/September). The last computer tycoon. Forbes, 204(4), 86-92.

Article in a Newspaper

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : Author Surname (Year)
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, inclusive page numbers or section/column. URL, if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Hogg, 2021, p. 1)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Hogg, 2021)
Narrative Citation :Hogg (2021)
References : Hogg, D. (2021, May 29). A final resting place: Rush Center sailor who died at Pearl Harbor laid to rest just before Memorial Day. Great Bend Tribune. https://www.gbtribune.com/news/local-news/rush-center-sailor-who-died-p….

Websites

Basic Website

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Personal or Corporate Author Name, Year, page [if available] or section heading/paragraph number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Personal or Corporate Author Name, Year)
Narrative Citation : Personal or Corporate Author Name (Year)
References : Personal or Corporate Author. (Last update or publication date; if unknown, use n.d.). Title of specific webpage. Site name. URL of specific webpage.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (American Anthropological Association, 2021, para. 2)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (American Anthropological Association, 2021)
Narrative Citation : American Anthropological Association (2021)
References : American Anthropological Association. (2021, October 13). Stay informed. American Anthropological Association. https://www.americananthro.org/StayInformed/‌NewsDetail.aspx?‌‌ItemNumber=28190.

Government Publication from a Website

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Name of Government Agency, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Name of Government Agency, Year)
Narrative Citation : Name of Government Agency (Year)
References : Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No. xxx [if available]). URL of specific document.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Library of Congress, 2020, p. 28)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Library of Congress, 2020)
Narrative Citation : Library of Congress (2020)
References : Library of Congress. (2020). Annual report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2020. https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/‌documents/annual-reports/fy2020.pdf.

Online Reference Work

General Format
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Personal or Corporate Author Name, Year, page [if available] or section heading/paragraph number)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Personal or Corporate Author Name, Year)
Narrative Citation : Personal or Corporate Author Name (Year)
References : Personal or Corporate Author. (Publication or last update date; if unknown, use n.d.). Title of specific entry. In Name of Book. URL of specific webpage.

Example
Parenthetical Citation (Quotation) : (Vogt, 2020, para. 4)
Parenthetical Citation (Paraphrase) : (Vogt, 2020)
Narrative Citation : Vogt (2020)
References : Vogt, K. (2020). Seneca. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 5, 2021,

Retrieval Dates

• Include a retrieval date with your citation if the website’s content is regularly updated and not archived.

Citing Organizations

When the author of a source is an organization, use the organization’s full name in the first citation, indicating the proper abbreviation in the citation in brackets. Use the abbreviation in subsequent citations.

• Citation 1: According to PayScale’s research of the 2016-2017 academic year, individuals with bachelor’s degrees in philosophy tended to earn more over their lifetime than those with degrees in the other humanities fields (American Philosophical Association [APA], n.d.).
• Citation 2: Moreover, graduates possessing a bachelor of arts degree had a mean starting salary of $43,427 (APA, n.d.).

Generative Artificial Intelligence

General Format
Parenthetical Citation : (Name of publisher, Year)
Narrative Citation : Name of publisher (Year)
References : Name of publisher. (Year). Name of tool (Version) [Descriptor for tool]. URL of specific webpage.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (OpenAI, 2023)
Narrative Citation : OpenAI (2023)
References : OpenAI. (2023). ChapGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/.

In-text Citations: Parenthetical and Narrative

There are two types of in-text citations in APA format: parenthetical and narrative. The general format of a parenthetical citation is the author’s surname and the year of publication, placed within parenthesis, with a comma separating the two elements. Do not include suffixes and ensure the publication year matches the publication year in the reference list. If the citation comes at the end of a sentence, place it before the end punctuation.

• Example: None of the people in the sample group immediately saw the justification of time and expense involved in teaching ethics in organizations (Griffin, 2021).

Narrative citations incorporate the author's surname into the sentence with year of publication (in parentheses) immediately following.

• Example: Griffin’s (2021) research suggested the enhancement of business ethics in adults can be fulfilled by improving moral and ethical education for children.

Downloadable PDF Version.

About Chicago Manual

The Chicago Manual of Style is commonly used to document sources in the humanities (e.g., history, fine arts, literature, and philosophy). The following guide, using the notes/bibliography style, is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.), published in 2017. For more extensive rules and examples of the Chicago Manual style, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (RW Z253 .U69 2017) or visit the Chicago Manual of Style Online website. You can also ask a librarian for assistance.

Important Revisions to the 17th Edition

• Rather than using “ibid” to cite the same source cited in the note immediately preceding your current note, the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual encourages a shortened version of the citation (for example, the author’s last name and page number). With the shortened version of the citation, you must provide the page number you are referencing, even if it is the same page number that was provided in the previous citation.
• When citing inclusive page numbers, use an en dash rather than a hyphen.
• When citing an online source, you should use the permalink (also called persistent or stable URLs) over the URL taken by copying the address in the web browser. If you are using an online source that is found through a library or other subscription database, you should name the database rather than providing a permalink.
• Conversations between human users and AI generative tools should be cited in the body of a paper and/or in the endnotes but not in the bibliography. Since the unique URLs generated by AI tools often require personal login credentials to be accessed, they may not be available to others, including an instructor. As a result, the Chicago Manual of Style treats AI generated information as though it is unrecoverable, similar to some types of personal communications (e.g., email, phone, or text conversations), and recommends against including them in a bibliography. This also means that a URL should not be included in the body or endnote of an assignment.
• Indicate any edits to AI-generated text in the body or at the end of the note (e.g., "edited for style and content").
• Cite AI-generated images with a brief in-text statement ("credit line") and in the bibliography.

Because of rapid developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and generative AI technologies, these guidelines may be updated periodically. Visit the Chicago Manual of Style Online website for the most recent updates.

Guidelines for Formatting Bibliography

• Your list of sources is called a “Bibliography” or “References” page.
• Begin your Bibliography/References on a separate page from your text.
• Sources are listed in alphabetical order, according to the first word in each source entry.
• Leave one blank line between each reference
• Begin each entry at the left margin, and indent any additional lines one‐half inch.
• For works with two or three authors, write out each author’s name. If the work has four or more authors, provide the first author’s full name plus “et al.”
• If the work has no author, list it by title.
• Use DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.

Books and eBooks

Book with One Author or Editor

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number.
Concise Note : Author Surname, Book Title, page number
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year

Example
Full Note : Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 121.
Concise Note : Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 217.
Bibliography : Monaghan, Jay. Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Book with Two or More Authors or Editors

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname and Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number.
Concise Note  : Author Surname and Author Surname, Book Title, page number.
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Initial, Second Initial, and Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note : Todd R. Clear and George F. Cole, American Corrections, 2nd ed. (Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1990), 158.
Concise Note : Clear and Cole, American Corrections, 209.
Bibliography : Clear, Todd R., and George F. Cole. American Corrections, 2nd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1990.

Chapter in an Edited Volume/Anthology

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Chapter Title in Quotation Marks,” in Book Title: Subtitle, ed. Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number.
Concise Note : Author Surname and Author Surname, “Chapter Title in Quotation Marks,” page number.
Bibliography : Surname, Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Chapter Title in Quotation Marks.” In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note: Samuel Langhorne Clemons, “Keelboat Life,” in American is West: An Anthology of Middlewestern Life and Literature, ed. J. T. Flanagan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1945), 351.
Concise Note: Clemons, “Keelboat Life,” 351.
Bibliography: Clemons, Samuel Langhorne. “Keelboat Life.” In American is West: An Anthology of Middlewestern Life and Literature. Edited by J. T. Flanagan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1945.

eBook

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format, page number.
Concise Note : Author Surname, Book Title, page number
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). Book Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Full Note: Simon Ball, Secret History: Writing the Rise of Britain’s Intelligence Service (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020), PDF, 42–43.
Concise Note: Ball, Secret History, 74.
Bibliography : Ball, Simon, Secret History: Writing the Rise of Britain’s Intelligence Service (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020). PDF. https://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=e900xww&AN=2399463&site=ehost-live.

Entry in a Reference Work (e.g., Encyclopedia, Dictionary, etc.)

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Title of Entry,” in Title of Reference Work, ed. Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Title of Entry,” page number.
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Title of Entry.” In Title of Reference Work, edited by Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note: Hämäläinen, Pekka, “Santa Fe Trail,” in The Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, ed. D. J. Wishart (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 811.
Concise Note: Hämäläinen, “Santa Fe Trail,” 811.
Bibliography: Pekka Hämäläinen. “Santa Fe Trail.” In The Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, edited by D. J. Wishart. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.

General Format
Full Note : Title of Reference Work: Subtitle, Edition, s.v. "Title of Entry."
Concise Note : Title of Reference Work, Edition, s.v. "Title of Entry."
Bibliography : Author or Editor Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). Title of Reference Work, Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note: Oxford English Reference Dictionary, rev. 2nd ed., s.v. "Integrity."
Concise Note: Oxford English Reference Dictionary, rev. 2nd ed., s.v. "Integrity."
Bibliography: Pearsall, Judy, and Bill Trumble, eds. Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Rev. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Periodicals

Print Periodical Article with One Author

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Article Title,” Periodical Title volume number, issue number (Year): page number.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Article Title,” page number.
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Article Title.” Periodical Title volume number, issue number (Month Day, Year).

Example
Full Note : Tim Stuart-Buttle, “‘An Authority from Which There Can Be No Appeal’: The Place of Cicero in Hume’s Science of Man,” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 18, no. 3 (2020): 291.
Concise Note : Stuart-Buttle, “‘An Authority from Which There Can Be No Appeal’,” 293.
Bibliography : Stuart-Buttle, Tim. “‘An Authority from Which There Can Be No Appeal’: The Place of Cicero in Hume’s Science of Man.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 18, no. 3 (September 2020).

Article in an Online Periodical

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Article Title,” Periodical Title volume number (Year): page number, DOI or URL of journal article webpage or name of database.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Article Title,” page number.
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Article Title.” Periodical Title volume number, issue number (Year): inclusive page numbers of article. DOI or URL of periodical article webpage or name of database.

Example
Full Note : Suzanne Bailey, “Robert Browning,” Victorian Poetry 58, no. 3 (2020): 249, DOI: 10.1353/vp.2020.0020.
Concise Note: Bailey, “Robert Browning,” 249.
Bibliography: Bailey, Suzanne. “Robert Browning.” Victorian Poetry 58, no. 3 (Fall 2020): 249. DOI: 10.1353/vp.2020.0020.

Periodical Article with Two Authors

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname and Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Article Title,” Periodical Title volume number (Year): page number, DOI or URL, if applicable.
Concise Note : Author Surname and Author Surname, “Article Title,” page number.
Bibliography : Surname, Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable), and Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname. “Article Title.” Periodical Title volume number, issue number (Month Day, Year). DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Full Note: Ferreira Cury and Maria Zilda, “Os Sertões, de Euclides da Cunha: Espaços,” Luso-Brazilian Review 41, no. 1 (2004): 73, DOI: 10.1353/lbr.2004.0006.
Concise Note : Cury and Zilda, “Os Sertões,” 77.
Bibliography : Cury Ferreira, and Maria Zilda. “Os Sertões, de Euclides da Cunha: Espaços.” Luso-Brazilian Review 41, no. 1 (2004): 73. DOI: 10.1353/lbr.2004.0006.

Article in a Newspaper

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Article Title,” Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Article Title”
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Article Title,” Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year. DOI or URL, if applicable.

Example
Full Note : Doyle Rice, “When Were the Vikings in the Americas? Exactly 1,000 Years Ago, Study Says,” USA Today, October 21, 2021.
Concise Note : Rice, “When Were the Vikings in the Americas?”
Bibliography : Rice, Doyle. “When Were the Vikings in the Americas? Exactly 1,000 Years Ago, Study Says,” USA Today, October 21, 2021.

Websites

Website

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Title of Page,” Title or Owner of Site, date last revised or accessed, URL.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Title of Page.”
Bibliography : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). Title or Owner of Site. Date last revised or accessed. URL.

Example
Full Note : History.com Editors, “Kansas,” History.com, August 21, 2018, https://www.history.com/‌topics/us-states/kansas.
Concise Note : History.com Editors, “Kansas.”
Bibliography : History.com Editors. “Kansas.” History.com. August 21, 2018. https://www.history.com/‌topics/us-states/kansas.

Online Reference Work

General Format
Full Note : Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, “Title of Entry,” Title of Reference Work, ed. Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname (Publisher, Year), URL.
Concise Note : Author Surname, “Title of Entry.”
Bibliography : Surname, Author First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). “Title of Entry.” Title of Reference Work, edited by Editor First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname. Publisher, Year. URL.

Example
Full Note : Martha Royce Blaine, “Prairie Tribes,” Encyclopedia of North American Indians, ed. Frederick E. Hoxie (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996), https://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=12594037&site=ehost-live.
Concise Note : Royce Blaine, “Prairie Tribes.”
Bibliography : Royce Blaine, Martha. “Prairie Tribes.” Encyclopedia of North American Indians, edited by Frederick E. Hoxie. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. https://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=12594037&site=ehost-live.

Generative Artificial Intelligence

AI-Generated Text

General Format
In-text Note : Tool publisher, name of tool, date generated.
Endnote : Content creator, response to "Text prompt used," date generated, tool publisher.

Example
In-text Note : This list of articles discussing triage techniques was generated by OpenAI's ChatGPT, October 26, 2023.
Endnote : ChatGPT, response to "Compile a literature review of triage techniques utilized by emergency room nurses in the United States, focusing on articles written since 2013," October 26, 2023, OpenAI.

AI-Generated Images

General Format
In-text Note : "Name of image," image generated by tool publisher and tool, date generated.
Bibliography : Name of AI tool. Response to "Text prompt used." AI-generated image. Tool publisher's name, Date generated.

Example
In-text Note : "Fire-breathing dragon and a castle," image generated by OpenAI's DALL-E 2, October 26, 2023.
Bibliography : DALL-E 2. Response to "Fire-breathing dragon and a castle." AI-generated image. OpenAI, October 26, 2023.

Formatting Notes

• Note reference numbers in the text appear as superscript numbers.
• Footnotes or endnotes are numbered consecutively, beginning with 1. Each chapter or section of a text should restart the consecutive numbering, unless the text has no internal divisions.
• Note numbers are generally placed at the end of the sentence, after punctuation. Note numbers are also placed after the punctuation and quotation marks when citing a direct quote. 
• Subsequent citations of the same source, either immediately following the initial citation or later in the chapter, should use a shortened form of the citation.
• The shortened citation is generally the last name of the author and the main title of the work, shortened if the title is more than four words.
• If the work has 2 or 3 authors, list each author’s last name. If the work has 4 or more authors, use the first author’s last name and “et al.”

Downloadable PDF Version.

Works Cited : Loane, Shannon S. Connecting Constituents with Federal Assistance for the Arts and Humanities. Congressional Research Service, 2024, purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo222481.

Social Media (pp. 133, 326-327)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Author First Name (when appropriate) and Surname in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Author Surname or Account Name).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Author Surname or Account Name used in sentence or Sentence (Author Surname).

Works Cited : Author Surname, Author First Name or Account Name [online handle if applicable]. “Title of Post” or “Description of post.” Name of Social Media Platform, Day Month Year, URL.

Example

Narrative Citation : As the Summer Games were underway in Paris, Fiala reminded her readers of a remarkable act of compassion and integrity during an Olympic event in 1928.

Parenthetical Citation : Shunzo Kido may have never won a gold medal, but his honor and sportsmanship earned him a place in Olympic history (Fiala).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : As Fiala noted, a plaque reads that “he heard the low voice of mercy, not the loud acclaim of glory.”

Works Cited : Fiala, Katherine. “Profiles in Integrity.” Facebook, 6 August 2024, facebook.com/photo/?fbid=881636513988448&set=‌a.458094049676032.

Websites (pp. 68, 71, 127, 134, 135-137, 140, 143-144, 165, 167, 182-183, 191, 215, 286, 324)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Editor, author, or compiler First Name (when appropriate) and Surname or Name of Site in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Editor, author, or compiler Surname or Name of Site).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Editor, author, or compiler Surname or Name of Site used in sentence or Sentence (Editor, author, or compiler Surname or Name of Site).

Works Cited : Editor, author, or compiler Surname (if available), First Name. Name of Site. Version number, Name of Publisher, Day Month Year of creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink.

Example

Narrative Citation : The Literature Network is a searchable website catering to a wide variety of reading interests.

Parenthetical Citation : The site’s author index offers users a good place to begin a search (Literature Network).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : The site boasts “over 3500 full books and over 4400 short stories and poems by over 260 authors. [The] quotations database has over 8500 quotes, and [the] quiz system features over 340 quizzes” (Literature Network).

Works Cited : Literature Network. Jalic Inc. 2000. www.online-literature.com/.

Generative Artificial Intelligence

AI-Generated Texts

General Format

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (“Title of prompt shortened or generalized for convenience”).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Sentence (“Title of prompt shortened or generalized for convenience”).

Works Cited : "Description of content or prompt" prompt. Name of AI Tool, version, Publisher, Day Month Year of content generation, URL of AI tool.

Example

Parenthetical Citation : The color of red was also employed symbolically in The Sixth Sense. In this movie, directed by M. Knight Shyamalan, red objects or elements are used to depict the intrusion of the supernatural plane into the physical realm ("Describe the symbolism").

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : “The color red is a visual cue that something significant related to the supernatural is occurring or about to occur, often heightening the tension and guiding the audience’s attention to key elements in the narrative” (“Describe the symbolism”).

Works Cited : “Describe the symbolism of the color red in the move The Sixth Sense directed by M. Night Shyamalan” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 13 Aug. 2024, chat.openai.com/chat.

AI-Generated Images

General Format

Figure Citation : Figure number. “Description of content or prompt” prompt. Name of AI Tool, version, Publisher, Day Month Year of content generation, URL of AI tool.

Works Cited : "Description of content or prompt" prompt. Name of AI Tool, version, Publisher, Day Month Year of content generation, URL of AI tool.

Example

Figure Citation : Fig. 1. “Man and woman walking hand-in-hand down a city street in the style of Edward Hopper” prompt. DALL-E 2, version 2, OpenAI, 13 Aug. 2024, labs.openai.com/.

Works Cited : “Man and woman walking hand-in-hand down a city street in the style of Edward Hopper” prompt. DALL-E 2, version 2, OpenAI, 13 Aug. 2024, labs.openai.com/.

Audiovisual Works

Audiobooks (pp. 148, 317, 330)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Author First Name (when appropriate) and Surname or Book Title in sentence (section number(s) (when appropriate) range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Author Surname section number(s) (when appropriate) range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Author Surname used in sentence (section number(s) (when appropriate) range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds) or Sentence (Author Surname section number(s) (when appropriate) range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Works Cited : Author Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable). Book Title. Narrator’s First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, edition, Publisher, Year.

Example

Narrative Citation : The entire crux of To Kill a Mockingbird occurred during the trial scene as Atticus Finch questioned Tom Robinson on the witness stand and conclusively established his innocence (pt. 2, ch. 19, 00:00:00-00:15:29).

Parenthetical Citation : Early in the book, Scout gave an entertaining recounting of her family history, beginning with her ancestor Simon Finch (Lee, ch. 1, 00:02:44-00:04:55).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Atticus understood moral authority and told his daughter: “Because I could never ask you to mind me again. Scout, simply by the nature of the work, every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This one’s mine, I guess” (Lee, pt. 1, ch. 1, 00:03:35-00:03:54).

Works Cited : Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Narrated by Sissy Spacek, audiobook ed., unabridged ed., HarperCollins, 2014.

Films and Videos (pp. 67, 70, 144, 146-147, 148, 151, 165, 168, 285, 328-329)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Film or Video Title in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Film or Video Title).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Film or Video Title used in sentence (range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds) or Sentence (Film or Video Title range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Works Cited : Film or Video Title. Director’s First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) Surname, any other relevant contributors, edition (if applicable), Publisher, Year of release. Online Streaming or Video Sharing Service Name (if applicable), uploader screen name, date of upload, URL.

Example

Narrative Citation : In Being Beethoven, Jan Swafford noted that the song was derived from a German poem and possibly written to woo singer Magdalena Willmann.

Parenthetical Citation : In addition to the ongoing burden of his hearing loss, Beethoven’s later years were marred by a lengthy court battle over the custody of his nephew (Being Beethoven).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : “Beethoven was reflecting the extreme turbulence of the times with the Napoleonic Wars and Austria and Russia recently had this horrible defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz at the hands of Napoleon” (Being Beethoven 01:26:43-01:26:55).

Works Cited : Being Beethoven. Directed by Phil Cairney, BBC, 2020. YouTube, uploaded by thecitysurfer, 2022, youtube/IhqO6eMq0eY?si=ql9dROxNZutAQjMj.

Podcasts (pp. 68, 134, 162)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Host Surname used in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Host Surname).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Host Surname used in sentence (range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds) or Sentence (Host Surname range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Works Cited : Host Surname, Host First Name, role. “Title of Episode.” Podcast Title, season number (if applicable), episode number (if applicable), Podcast app, Day Month Year of episode, URL

Example

Narrative Citation : Metzger pointed to Augustine’s intellectual search for a higher level of reality as the future saint initially studied Manichaeism and Neoplatonism before turning to Christianity.

Parenthetical Citation : Confessions is a combination of Augustine’s personal narrative of his conversion and various abstract philosophical discussions (Metzger).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : “When we open the pages of thinkers like Jerome and Augustine, we actually see far more intellectual innovation than we do hidebound dogmatism. Passages of Augustine’s books … sound more like Kant or Sartre than the rantings of a partisan preacher. And while, for sheer erudition and eloquence, Saint Augustine is nearly unmatched in world history, at the core of his ideology is a resilient optimism” (Metzger 00:09:09-00:09:37).

Works Cited : Metzger, Doug, host. “Augustine’s Confessions, Books 1-7.” Literature and History, episode 99, Spotify app, 10 December 2022, open.spotify.com/episode/ 7t8MRZSybGmhaiW9R0SUpc?si=7xxaBZoaQj2FbQlFsKvHVQ&nd=1&dlsi=e10752c03d1b44f3.

Song Lyrics (pp. 70, 134, 143, 180-181, 330)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Performer First Name (when appropriate) and Surname, Group Name, or “Song Title” in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Performer Surname or Group Name).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Performer Surname or Group Name used in sentence (range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds) or Sentence (Performer Surname or Group Name range of time in hours, minutes, and seconds).

Works Cited : Performer Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) or Group Name. “Song Title.” Website or App Name, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, URL.

Example

Narrative Citation : Following a theme found in countless works of literature, the rock band Bon Jovi noted the promise of passion can sometimes led to personal heartbreak.

Parenthetical Citation : All too often, young lovers are fooled by physical appearances and enter into relationships with people of no real substance (Bon Jovi).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : As the band famously sang, “An angel's smile is what you sell / You promised me heaven, then put me through hell / Chains of love got a hold on me / When passion's a prison, you can't break free” (Bon Jovi 00:00:32-00:00:48).

Works Cited : Bon Jovi, “You Give Love a Bad Name.” Spotify, Mercury Records, 1986, open.spotify.com/track/‌0rmGAIH9LNJewFw7nKzZnc.

Albums (pp. 68, 126, 134, 156, 180-181, 330)

General Format

Narrative Citation : Performer First Name (when appropriate) and Surname, Group Name, or Album Title in sentence.

Parenthetical Citation : Sentence (Performer Surname or Group Name).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : Performer Surname or Group Name used in sentence or Sentence (Performer Surname or Group Name).

Works Cited : Performer Surname, First Name Second Name or Initial (if applicable) or Group Name. Album Title, Edition (if applicable), Publisher, Year of publication. App Name app (if applicable) or website URL (if applicable).

Example

Narrative Citation : Thriller’s sixth song “Billie Jean” alludes to the paranoia and sense of persecution that Jackson was beginning to experience at the time.

Parenthetical Citation : Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin” is an indication of Jackson’s rhythm & blues roots (Thriller).

Parenthetical Citation (with Quotation or Paraphrase) : The song ends with Vincent Price’s eerie monologue that included such lines as “The foulest stench is in the air / The funk of forty thousand years / And grizzly ghouls from every tomb / Are closing in to seal your doom / And though you fight to stay alive / Your body starts to shiver / For no mere mortal can resist / The evil of the thriller” (Jackson 00:05:20-00:05:44).

Works Cited : Jackson, Michael. Thriller (25th Anniversary) [Deluxe ed.]. MJJ Productions, 2008. Apple Music app.

In-text Citations: Narrative and Parenthetical

General Format

• In‐text citations are meant to be concise and should be used to direct the reader to the source listed in your works cited page.
• The typical format for an in‐text citation is the first element of the source’s entry (typically the author’s last name, the title, or the description) on the works cited page and the page number.
• The in‐text citation is placed in a parenthesis.
• When following a direct quote, the in‐text citation is placed after the closing quotation mark. 
• When the author’s name is provided in the text, only the page number is needed in the in‐text citation. 
• If your quotation is more than four lines of your text, it should be indented half an inch from the left margin. The in‐text citation is placed after the last punctuation mark of the blocked quote. 
• If the works cited reference begins with the title of the work, either because the author is unknown or is an organization, the in‐text citation begins with an abbreviated form of the title. 

Guideline for Narrative Citations

• When the author’s name is provided in the sentence, only the page number is needed in the in‐text citation. 

Guidelines for Parenthetical Citations

• When following a direct quote, the in‐text citation is placed after the closing quotation mark.
• If your quotation is more than four lines of your text, it should be indented half an inch from the left margin. The in‐text citation is placed after the last punctuation mark of the blocked quote. 
• If the works cited reference begins with the title of the work, either because the author is unknown or is an organization, the in‐text citation begins with an abbreviated form of the title. 
• If providing the author’s last name does not provide sufficient information to pinpoint the source in the works cited (i.e., multiple authors with the same last name or multiple works by the same author), provide enough information to identify the individual source, such as the first letter of the author’s last name or a shortened version of the title.
• For sources that do not have page numbers, such as websites, the page number should be omitted from the in‐text citation.

 Guidelines for Electronic or Online Sources

• When citing an e-book in the text, avoid using device-specific numbering systems. See sections 6.20 and 6.26 (pp. 244, 248) of the MLA Handbook, 9th ed., for options on identifying the parts of an e-book.

Downloadable PDF Version.

This section is under construction.

About ACS Style

The American Chemical Society (ACS) Style may be used when citing references within the field of chemistry. The following guide is based on the ACS Style Guide (3rd ed.), published in 2006. For more extensive rules and examples of the ACS Style, refer to the ACS Style Quick Guide. You can also ask a librarian for assistance.

Guidelines for Formatting Reference List

• Start the reference list on a new page, continuing the page numbers from the body of the paper.  
• Center the title of the page ("References") an inch from the top of the paper.  
• Align the start of each entry with the left margin. Indent any subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces).  
• Double-space the list within and between entries.  
• Arrange entries in alphabetical order by authors’ last names.  
• If there is no author, begin the citation with the title of the source.

Books

Book with One Author or Editor

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Book Title, Edition Number; Series Information (if applicable); Publisher, Year. URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Peller, 2004)
References : Peller, J. Exploring Chemistry: Laboratory Experiments in General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Pearson Education, 2004.

Book with Two Authors or Editors

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname and Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable).; Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. Book Title, Edition Number (if applicable); Series Information (if applicable); Publisher, Year. URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Stewart and Lomont, 2014)
References : Stewart, I.; Lomont, J. The Handy Chemistry Answer Book; Visible Ink Press, 2014.

Book with Three or More Authors

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable).; Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable).; Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable).; etc. Book Title, Edition Number; Series Information (if applicable); Publisher, Year. URL for eBooks.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Bettelheim et al., 2007)
References : Bettelheim, F.; Brown, W.; Campbell, M.; etc. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 8th ed.; Thomson, Brooks/Cole, 2007.

Chapters in an Edited Volume/Anthology

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Chapter Name. In Book Title, Edition Number; Series Information (if applicable); Publisher, Year; inclusive page numbers. URL for eBooks.

Example
Narrative Citation : Renneboog¹ described ammonia as a simple compound that is comprised of a single nitrogen atom chemically bonded to a trio of hydrogen atoms.
References : Renneboog, R. Ammonium Ion. In Principles of Chemistry; Grey House Publishing, 2016; pp 66-67.

Entry in a Reference Work (e.g., Encyclopedia or Dictionary)

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Entry Title. In Title of Reference Work, Edition Number; Publisher, Year; Vol. Number, inclusive page numbers. URL for eBooks.

Example
Narrative Citation : Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary (2) defines an impeller as “A type of agitator use in mixing or blending fluids of low viscosity, usually in a cylindrical chamber, either open or closed.”
References : Impeller. In Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 16th ed.; Wiley, 2016; pp 753.

Periodicals

Journal Article with One Author

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Title of Article.  Journal Title, Year, Volume Number (Issue Number), inclusive page numbers. DOI if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Nelson, 2019)
References : Nelson, P. G. What is Chemistry That I May Teach It? Foundations of Chemistry, 2019, 21 (2), pp 179-191. DOI: 10.1007/s10698-018-9315-x.

Journal Article with Two Authors

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable); Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Title of Article. Journal Title, Year, Volume Number (Issue Number), inclusive page numbers. DOI if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Blumenthal and Ladyman, 2018)
References : Blumenthal, G.; Ladyman, J. Theory Comparison and Choice in Chemistry, 1766-1791. Foundations of Chemistry, 2018, 20 (3), pp 169-189.

Journal Article with Three or More Authors

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable); et al. Title of Article. Journal Title, Year, Volume Number (Issue Number), inclusive page numbers. DOI if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Sadjadi et al., 2019)
References : Sadjadi, S; et al. Combination of Polymer and Halloysite Chemistry for Development of a Novel Catalytic Hybrid System. Research on Chemical Intermediaries, 2019, 45 (9), pp 4349-4366.

Article in a Newspaper

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Title of Article. Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year, date last updated (if applicable). DOI if applicable.

Example
Parenthetical Citation : (Leiker, 2013)
References : Leiker, A. R. Professor Leaves $2.2 Million to WSU Chemistry Department. Wichita Eagle, November 2, 2013.

Websites

Basic Website

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Creator Name or Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Title of Article. Website Name. Publisher, Year.  URL (access date).

Example
Narrative Citation : The guidelines(1) were designed to promote education of the highest quality for students at every two-year college program in the nation.
References : Society Committee on Education. ACS Guidelines for Chemistry in Two-Year College Programs. American Chemical Society, 2021. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/‌education/policies/two-year-college.html (accessed 2021-11-09)

Government Publication from a Website

Parenthetical Citation : (Creator Name, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Name of Government Agency. Publication Number. Publication Title, Edition Number, last revision date. URL (access date).

Example
Narrative Citation : According to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research², the manufacturer’s quality system is vital to guaranteeing continued quality control of products.
References : Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Applying ICH Q8(R2), Q9, and Q10 Principles to Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Review, rev. 05. 2016. https://www.fda.gov/media/‌79615/download (accessed 2021-11-09).

Entry in Online Reference Work

Parenthetical Citation : (Author Surname, Year)
Narrative Citation : (Italicized Number) or ^{superscript number}
References : Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if applicable). Title of Entry. Title of Reference Work , Edition Number; Year. URL.

Example
Parenthetical Citation: (Hanson, 2017)
References: Hanson, C. Chemical Engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica; 2017. https://‌www.britannica.com/technology/chemical-engineering (accessed Nov. 9, 2021).

Access Dates

• Include an access date with your citation if the website’s born-digital content is regularly updated and not archived.

Downloadable PDF Version.

About CSE Style

The Council of Scientific Editors’ (CSE) Style Manual may be used when citing references in all disciplines of science and related fields. The following guide, using the citation-sequence system, is based on the CSE Manual (8th ed.), published in 2015. For more extensive rules and examples of the CSE Style, refer to the Scientific Style and Format Quick Guide. You can also ask a librarian for assistance.

Guidelines for In-Text Citations

• In the citation-sequence system, references are given superscripted numbers before the final punctuation mark of the sentence. These are sequentially numbered in the order in which they first appear in the text.
• The next time the same source is referenced, regardless of where in the paper that citation occurs, the same superscripted number will be used.
• It is possible to cite more than one reference within a sentence by using superscript sequence of numbers separated by commas (no spaces).
• If three or more numbers are used in one continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen.
• The citations are listed numerically in the References page(s).

Guidelines for Formatting Reference List

• Start the reference list on a new page, continuing the page numbers from the body of the paper.  
• The title of the page (“References”) should be placed flush-left an inch from the top of the page.  
• CSE does not specify a preferred line spacing, but for reading clarity double-space the list within and between entries.  
• Arrange entries flush-left and numerically by their in-text order of appearance.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, and nouns followed by numerals or letters.
• Journal titles are condensed according to the ISSN International Centre’s List of Title Word Abbreviations, which shortens significant words and omits insignificant ones.
• If sources were used but not cited in the paper, list them alphabetically by author under the heading “Additional References.”

Books

Book with One Author or Editor

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Book title: subtitle. Edition. City of Publication (State): Publisher; Year.

Example
In-Text Citation: The release or absorption of heat is a central factor in any chemical reaction, condensation process, or phase change within a planet’s atmosphere¹.
References : ¹Lewis JS. Physics and chemistry of the solar system. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004.

Book with Two or More Authors or Editors

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial, Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Book title: subtitle. Edition. City of Publication (State): Publisher; Year.

Example
In-Text Citation : There are multiple definitions for the term data cluster, so the researchers examined several clustering criteria².
References : ²Price KV, Storn RM, Lampinen JA. Differential evolution: a practical approach to global optimization. Berlin: Springer; 2005.

Chapters in an Edited Volume/Anthology

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Title of chapter. In: Editor Surname First InitialSecond Initial, editor(s), Book title: subtitle. Edition. City of Publication (State), Publisher; Year. inclusive page numbers of chapter.

Example
In-Text Citation : Another vital factor in computer security is that of network security3.
References : ³Zimmer, S. Computer security. In: Franceschetti DR, editor. Principles of computer science. Ipswich (MA): Salem Press; 2016. p. 81-83.

Entry in a Print Reference Work (e.g., Encyclopedia or Dictionary)

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Title of specific entry. In: Editor Surname First InitialSecond Initial (Ed.), Book title: subtitle. Edition. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Inclusive page numbers.

Example
In-Text Citation : Esophageal cancer ranks as the eighth most common cancer in the world⁴.
References : ⁴Pescarus R, Dunst CM. Esophageal cancer. In: Miller KD, Simon M (Eds.), Global perspectives on cancer: incidence, care, and experience. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara (CA): Praeger; 2015. p. 87-100.

eBook

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname, First InitialSecond Initial. Book title: subtitle. Edition. City of Publication (State): Publisher; Year [accessed date]. URL.

Example
In-Text Citation : Discovered in the late 1980s and early 1990s, angiogenesis (VEGF) is the most widespread proangiogenic factor implicated in cancer growth⁵.
References : ⁵Ruddon RW. Cancer biology. 4th ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2007 [accessed 2021 Nov. 17]. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=‌e000xna&AN=‌191548&site=‌ehost-live.

Periodicals

Print Journal Article with One Author

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Article title: subtitle. Abbreviated journal title. Year;Volume(issue):inclusive page numbers.

Example
In-Text Citation : The size of protein fibers determine the quantity of contact sites, which are slightly connected to force transmission and propagation⁶.
References : ⁶Engelke H. Physics of the extracellular matrix and biology of tumors—a close relationship. Biophys. reviews & letters. 2020;15(3):121-130.

Journal Article with Two or More Authors

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial, Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Article title: subtitle. Abbreviated journal title. Year;Volume(issue):inclusive page numbers.

Example
In-Text Citation : Disembedding has been identified by professional meteorologists as an important spatial thinking skill⁷.
References : ⁷McNeal P, Petcovic H, Bals-Elsholz T, Ellis T. Seeing weather through chaos: a case study of disembedding skills in undergraduate meteorology students. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2019;100(6):997-1010.

Journal Article from a Database

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial, Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial, Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Article title. Abbreviated journal title [Internet]. Year Month Day [accessed Year Month Day];Volume(issue):inclusive page numbers. URL.

Example
In-Text Citation : Between 1985 and 2014, large wildfires in the Great Plains region increased significantly, with high temperatures, low humidity, and greater wind speeds being contributing factors^{8, 9}.
References : ⁸Steiner JL, Wetter J, Robertson S, Teet S, Wang J, Wu X, Zhou Y, Brown D, Xiao X. Grassland wildfires in the Southern Great Plains: monitoring ecological impacts and recovery. Remote Sens. [Internet]. 2020 Feb. [accessed 2021 Nov. 30];12(4):619. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/619/htm.
⁹Tavakol A, Rahmani, Harrington J. Temporal and spatial variations in the frequency of compound hot, dry, and windy events in the central United States. Sci. Reps. [Internet]. 2020 Sept. 24 [accessed 2021 Nov. 30];10(15691):1-13. https://www.nature.com/articles/‌s41598-020-72624-0.

Magazine Article with One Author

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Article title: subtitle. Abbreviated magazine title. Year Month Day:inclusive page numbers.

Example
In-Text Citation : Scientists at a Boston-based biotech company have recreated the scent of H. wilderianus using DNA reconstruction and synthetic biology¹⁰.
References : ¹⁰Gibbens S. Smell. Natl. geo. 2021 Dec:26-28.

Online Newspaper Article

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Article title. Newspaper Title. Year Month Day [accessed Year Month Day]. URL

Example
In-Text Citation : Two acre feet of water is needed to produce a crop of irrigated corn¹¹.
References : ¹¹Mannette A. Kansas State lands $10 million grant to study farm inputs, including water, and how much product they can produce. Hutchinson News. 2021 Oct. 4 [accessed 2021 Nov. 30]. https://www.hutchnews.com/story/news/2021/10/04/kansas-state-university….

Websites

Basic Webpage

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Title of webpage. City of publication (State): Publisher; [updated Year Month Day; accessed Year Month Day]. URL.

Example
In-Text Citation : The Apollo 11 lunar module, known as Eagle, set down in the Moon’s Sea of Tranquility at 4:17 pm EDT on July 20, 1969¹².
References : ¹²Humans in space. Washington (DC): National Space and Aeronautical Administration; [updated 2021 July 20; accessed 2021 Dec. 1]. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/humans-in-space.

Government Publication from a Website

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Name of Government Agency or Department (US) [Abbreviation of Agency or Department]. Title of document. City of publication (State): Publisher; Year Month. Number of pages. Availability statement: URL.

Example
In-Text Citation : In FY 2020, the Library of Congress began receiving via transfer approximately 250,000 deaccessioned maps from the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency¹³.
References : ¹³Library of Congress. (US) [LOC]. Annual report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2020. Washington (DC): LOC; 2020 Sept. 94 p. Available from: https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/‌documents/annual-reports/‌fy2020.pdf.

Entry in an Online Reference Work (e.g., Encyclopedia or Dictionary)

General Format
In-Text Citation : ^{Superscripted Number(s)}
References : Author Surname First InitialSecond Initial. Title of specific entry. In: Editor Surname First InitialSecond Initial (Ed.), Book title: subtitle [Internet]. Edition. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [accessed Year Month Day]. URL

Example
In-Text Citation : Artifacts dating from 30,000 BCE have been discovered throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe bearing rudimentary calendars that chart the phases of the moon¹⁴.
References : ¹⁴Bullock MA. Astronomy. In: Mitcham C (Ed.), Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics. Vol. 1. Detroit (MI): Macmillan Reference; 2005. [accessed 2021 November 30]. https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&sear….

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